As I write this post, I am in Dublin, Ireland on a short trip (business, not pleasure), helping my daughter get settled in for college. Thanks to timezone differences my daughter and I were awake at 11:30pm on a Friday and starving.
Taken near Trinity College and the main Bank of Ireland building (right).
Since a lot of pubs close their kitchens early, we went over to the local Supermac’s1 :
My daughter took this photo of her food. Mine is at the far end of the table (upper right corner).
It’s Friday night, so as we’re seated, people are stumbling in drunk looking for some cheap food, and there’s a steady stream of food delivery guys picking up orders. Still, even here, as I open my bag and eat my food, I try to still take a moment and appreciate the food, so I discreetly did gassho.
In Japanese culture, people will usually say itadakimasu before eating food, and gochisōsama deshita after finishing. The word itadakimasu is just the humble form of the verb “I receive”, and gochisōsama deshita means “It was a wonderful meal”.
But there’s also a set of verses that in the Zen tradition are recited before meals called the Shokuji Gokan (食事五観, “five observations at mealtime”). When I was watching a documentary recently, during mealtime, one of the Eiheiji monks walked the documentary host through the five verses. The five verses in Japanese for the Rinzaitradition are:
一つには、功の多少を計り、彼の来処を量る。 hitotsu ni wa, kō no tashō wo hakari, kano raisho wo hakaru
二つには、己が徳行の全闕を忖って供に応ず。 futatsu ni wa, onore ga tokugyō no zenketsu wo hakatte, ku ni ōzu
三つには、心を防ぎ、過貪等を離るるを宗とす。 mitsu ni wa, shin wo fusegi, togatontō wo hanaruru wo shū to su
四つには、正に良薬を事とするは形枯を療ぜんが為なり。 yotsu ni wa, masa ni ryōyaku wo koto to suru wa gyōko wo ryōzen ga tame nari
五つには、道業を成ぜんが為に、応にこの食を受くべし。 Itsutsu ni wa, dōgyō wo jōzen ga tame ni, ō ni kono jiki wo uku beshi.
The verses in Soto Zen appear to be slightly different. I am fairly certain, these are descended from Chinese Chan Buddhism, but I wasn’t able to find much information.
There are a lot of fine English translations available, though for now I am using the one from Sotozen.net:
We reflect on the effort that brought us this food and consider how it comes to us.
We reflect on our virtue and practice, and whether we are worthy of this offering.
We regard it as essential to free ourselves of excesses such as greed.
We regard this food as good medicine to sustain our life.
For the sake of enlightenment, we now receive this food.
In either case, the meaning is the same: before we take in the food, we should first reflect where it came from (and the countless people who made it possible),2 and whether we are living up to the practice or not. Finally, the verses remind us that food is essentially medicine (hence don’t be a pig), and that it helps us along the path toward Enlightenment. Even some chips (fries) at Supermac’s is something to be grateful for.
So, hello from Ireland, and will post more soon! 🇮🇪🖖🏼
1 The local version of McDonald’s, but ten times better.
2 The Jodo Shinshu tradition focuses on the concept of “gratitude“, so there’s a lot of overlaphere.
A while back, I talked about the history of Zen [particularly Rinzai Zen] and the samurai class in pre-modern Japan. Rinzai has a particularly convoluted history compared to other Buddhist sects in Japan due to its multiple waves of immigration from China, each unrelated to one another. Soto Zen’s history is notably different, but fairly convoluted in its own way, since it has two founders.
This concept of two founders started in the 19th century, after certain Soto Zen temples got into a spat about who was the actual founder of Soto Zen. If you’re reading this and know something about Japanese Buddhism, you might think that the answer is obvious: duh, it’s Dogen since he was the one who went to Song-dynasty China, and brought the tradition back. That was Eiheiji temple’s position at the time.
Conversely, Sojiji Temple took the position that it was Keizan’s influence a couple generations later that actually allowed it to flourish in Japan, establishing it as a proper sect, and not just an isolated temple. Further, until the 19th century, Dogen’s writings were kept secret, so very few Soto priests and students ever read it. So Dogen’s actual influence in the sect would be thus smaller than expected. Or so the argument goes.
Needless to say, eventually the two groups came to a compromise and agreed that both monks contributed to the growth of Soto Zen in Japan, each in their own way. Thus, in the Soto Zen tradition since, they are known as:
Dogen – “high founder” (高祖, kōsō)
Keizan – “great founder” (太祖, taisō)
Thus every 29th of September the Soto Zen liturgical calendar holds a memorial service for both founders known as Ryōsoki (両祖忌, lit. “dual founders memorial).
Even today, if you look at a Soto Zen obutsudan in Japan, you often see altar images like the ones linked here and here: namely an image of Shakyamuni Buddha in the middle, and Keizan on the left (facing right), and Dogen on the right (facing left). This is not an entirely unusual arrangement, by the way: in the Jodo Shinshu tradition, the Buddha Amida is in the middle, and often flanked by Shinran the founder, and Rennyo the restorer. Sometimes in Tendai Buddhism, you also see Shakyamuni Buddha flanked by Saicho the Japanese founder, and Zhi-yi the original Chinese founder.
The concept of “trinities” often appear in Buddhism, though not in the Western-Christian sense.
In any case, I am glad to see that Soto Zen was able to reconcile this dispute in a way that feels harmonious to me. I have visited Sojiji a couple times over the years (since it is thankfully pretty close to my wife’s house),1 and it is a pretty neat temple. I haven’t visited Eiheiji yet as it is in a remote prefecture in Japan, but I am sure it’s quite a nice place to visit. Just like Keizan and Dogen, each temple enriches the Soto Zen community in its own way, and this helps broaden the community and make it more inclusive.
It is tempting to look at Japanese-Buddhist history and assign one sect to one founder, etc, but both Soto Zen and Rinzai Zen have histories that tend to defy this mold, and it’s important to recognize that religious history is organic and complicated, but also quite fascinating.
Namu Shakamuni Butsu
P.S. Moving back to two posts a week, now that the backlog is caught up.
P.P.S. Posting late, sorry! Made a scheduling mistake. 😅
1 The present location of Sojiji is actually fairly recent. It was in Fukui Prefecture (same as Eiheiji) for many centuries, and was a branch temple of Keizan’s main temple of Yōkōji (永光寺). Ironically, as Yokoji declined, Sojiji gained in prominence. But, history is funny this way.
Another interesting quote from a 13th century Japanese Zen text, the Zuimonki (first described here), about the importance of not engaging in debates with others.
1-10) In a dharma talk, Dōgen said,
Even if you are speaking rationally and another person says something unreasonable, it is wrong to defeat him by arguing logically. On the other hand, it is not good to give up hastily saying that you are wrong, even though you think that your opinion is reasonable.
Neither defeats him, nor withdraw saying you are wrong. It is best to just leave the matter alone and stop arguing. If you act as if you have not heard and forget about the matter, he will forget too and will not get angry. This is a very important thing to bear in mind.
I think there’s only so much one can do to convince others, and if you meet someone who’s already made up their mind, it’s very unlikely you can change it because one’s beliefs are part of their core identity.
Spock: “Humans do have an amazing capacity for believing what they choose and excluding that which is painful.”
Star Trek, “And The Children Shall Lead” (s3ep4), stardate 5029.5
At that point, any effort to convince them is a sunk cost, a waste of energy.
So, like Dogen says, better to just drop the subject and let it go.
I found a neat quote recently from an old Soto Zen text called the Shōbōgenzō Zuimonki (正法眼蔵隨聞記), or “The Treasury of the True Dharma Eye: [A] Record of Things Heard”. We will call it the Zuimonki for short. Dōgen, who brought Soto Zen from China to Japan in the 13th century wrote a massive tome called the Shōbōgenzō, but his chief disciple Koun Ejō (孤雲懐奘, 1198–1280) also recorded the Zuimonki in the 13th. Ejo was actually a few years older than Dogen, yet outlived him by 20+ years or so. He would become the second abbot of Eiheiji temple, and its spiritual successor after Dogen’s passing.
The Zuimonki occupies a similar space as the Tannisho in the Jodo Shinshu tradition: a record of informal conversations between the founder and a trusted disciple. You can find a nice translation of it here on the Soto Zen homepage.1
Near the very end is the following conversation that I wanted to share (emphasis added):
[6-16]. Dōgen instructed,
All the buddhas and patriarchs were originally ordinary people.
While they were ordinary people, they certainly did bad deeds and had evil minds. Some of them were undoubtedly dull or even stupid. However, since they reformed their minds, followed their teachers, and practiced (the Way), they all became buddhas and patriarchs. People today should also be like this. Do not underestimate yourselves because you think you are dull or stupid.
If you do not arouse bodhi-mind in this present lifetime, when can you expect to be able to practice the Way? If you force yourselves to practice now, you will surely attain the Way.
There’s a lot to unpack in this quote, all of it good I think.
First, Dogen reiterates that the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas of the Buddhist tradition were all normal sentient beings at some point, with foibles, bad habits, etc. However, they resolved to change, and in time they became something much more. We saw this in the second chapter of the Shushogi as well, so we can definitely infer that Dogen sincerely believed that everyone could accomplish the Buddhist path if they only applied themselves.
Side note : I grew up in a broken home as a kid, with two younger sisters, and a chaotic home environment, and needlessly to say I did poorly in school. I remember year after year my teachers would tell my mom that if I just applied myself, I’d do really well. Finally, in the 10th grade, after reading a copy of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Fellowship of the Ring, I discovered that I really liked reading, and soon my grades improved enough that I could get into the local University and live the life I do now. So, I can attest that “believing in yourself, and applying yourself” really is true.
Second, Dogen is clearly not concerned about Dharma Decline, which was the milieu at the time in medieval Japanese Buddhism. Most sects in Japan had felt that because of the increasing chaos and declining Buddhist institutions, which roughly lined up with some aspects of Buddhist chronology,2 traditional Buddhist practice could no longer provide solutions to people’s suffering, hence alternative solutions arose. However, looking back from the 21st century, 8 centuries later, this may seem silly now. Yet, it was an intensely discussed subject at the time. Presumably, since Dogen had journeyed to China unlike other eminent monks at the time, he saw things from a different perspective and wasn’t convinced that the End Times were nigh.
Finally, Dogen is telling listeners not to lose faith in themselves. Self-doubt for anyone is crippling, but Dogen says even if you think you are slob, or an idiot, or whatever, don’t underestimate yourself.
From the original “Lego Movie”.
But if you’re unsure, start small, know your limits, but don’t give up either. Keep your eyes on the prize. 💪🏼
1 English resources on the Soto Zen website are actually quite good, and if you can read the Japanese pages, they are even better.
2 … using some pretty liberal interpretations of certain old Buddhist texts, and some calculations of the Buddha’s historical birth that no longer are accurate thanks to modern archaeology and research.
As this weekend approaches, I was looking up some quotes from past writers in antiquity looking for inspiration, and I finally settled on this one.
Sometimes life feels pretty terrible, and hopeless. But I like how this quote from the ancient Taoist text, the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching in some spellings), reminds us that even a powerful hurricane doesn’t blowforever.
At difficult times, I like reading this old post. Not to sound vain, but it is my personal favorite.
Today we explore the final chapter of the 19th-century Soto Zen text called the Shushōgi (修証義, “Meaning of Practice and Verification”), which I introduced here. Chapter five delves into the importance of gratitude in Buddhist practice. You can read chapter four here.
The Buddha mind should be awakened in all sentient beings on this earth through causal relations. Their desire to be born in this world is fulfilled. Why shouldn’t they be grateful to see the Sakyamuni Buddha?
Translation by Soto Zen Text Project of Stanford University, courtesy of Sotozen.net.
Again, reiterating what chapter four said: awakening the Bodhi Mind (a.k.a. the Buddha Mind, etc) is an important part of Mahayana Buddhism.
If the Right Law had not permeated the world, we could not have met it even if we wanted to sacrifice our lives for it. We should quietly reflect on this fact. How fortunate to have been born at this moment when we can meet the Right Law. Remember that the Buddha said: “When you meet a Zen master who teaches the highest wisdom, don’t consider his caste. Don’t pay attention to his appearance, consider his shortcomings, or criticize his practices. In deference to his wisdom, just bow before him and do nothing to worry him.”
The “right law” is a reference to the Dharma of the Buddha. The Dharma always exists, but at times it is obscured, and needs a Buddha to help elucidate it. This is known as “turning the wheel of the Dharma” in Buddhism. Eventually that wheel slows down, another Buddha appears, turns the wheel, repeat cycle.
I am not sure where Dogen is quoting the “when you meet a Zen teacher…” from. I believe the point here is that regardless of who that teacher is, if they are indeed wise, then they are worthy of respect.
Of course, there’s also been plenty of scandals with priests and gurus who abuse their students especially when there’s such a dearth of teachers in the West, with little oversight from faraway parent organizations. So, I hate to say it, but also caveat emptor.
That’s why, personally, I prefer relying less on such teachers and focus on things like devotion, personal conduct, and DIY. In other words, things that don’t require total reliance on a teacher.1 Once these things are established, then it makes sense to reach out and find teachers and communities when you are ready. But, that’s just my opinion.
Anyway, I digress.
We can see the Buddha now and listen to his teachings because of the altruistic Buddhas and patriarchs did not transmit the Law truly, how could it have come down to us today? We should appreciate even a phrase or portion of the Law. How can we help but be thankful for the great compassion of the highest law — the Eye and Treasury of the Right Law? The sick sparrow did not forget the kindness received and returned it with the ring of the three great ministers. Nor did the troubled tortoise forget: it showed its gratitude with the seal of Yofu.2 So if even beasts return thanks, how can man do otherwise?
As we saw in chapter one, the rarity of being reborn as a human, let alone encountering the Dharma is remarkable indeed. In chapter two of the Lotus Sutra there is a verse that reads: If persons with confused and distracted minds should enter a memorial tower and once exclaim, “Hail to the Buddha!” Then all have attained the Buddha way.
Thus, even if one feels like they’re not a particularly good Buddhist, the Lotus Sutra provides hope that even a tiny act here and there still guarantees full one’s progress on the Buddhist path. So, don’t lose heart. Even if you are a half-assed Buddhist (pardon my language), every bit still counts.
To show this gratitude you need no other teachings. Show it in the only real way — by daily practice. Without wasting time we should spend our daily life in selfless activity.
Amen. This isn’t just Dogen’s words by the way. The Pali Canon also teaches a similar message: praise is all well and good, but putting the teachings into practice is an even better way to express gratitude. The trick is learning how to do it in a balanced, sustainable (read: realistic) way. Slow and steady wins the race.
Time flies with more speed than an arrow; life moves on, more transient than dew. By what skillful means can you reinstate a day that has passed. To live one hundred years wastefully is to regret each day and month. Your body becomes filled with sorrow. Although you wander as the servant of the senses during the days and months of a hundred years — if you truly live one day, you not only live a life of a hundred years but save the hundred years of your future life. The life of this one day is the vital life. Your body becomes significant. This life and body deserve love and respect, for through them we can practice the Law and express the power of the Buddha. So true practice of the Law for one day is the seed of all the Buddha and their activities.
Again, as the Lotus Sutra says, even a little practice and conduct goes a long way, even if you can’t see it. Do not sell yourself short. As a thinking, capable human there is much you can do with the time you have.
All the Buddhas are Buddha Sakyamuni himself. Buddhas past, present, and future become the Buddha Sakyamuni on attaining Buddhahood. This mind itself is the Buddha. By awakening to a thorough understanding of this mind, you will truly show your gratitude to the Buddhas.
The phrase “all the Buddhas are Buddha Shakyamuni himself” is, I think, another allusion to the Lotus Sutra. In the Lotus Sutra, Shakyamuni Buddha teaches (in chapter two?) that every Buddha has the same qualities, and also use the same teaching methods to awaken and enlighten others. A similar sentiment is expressed in a Pure Land sutra called the Sutra of Immeasurable Life. In other words, it’s a common theme in Mahayana Buddhism that one Buddha is as good as another, and all have the same qualities.
The “mind is Buddha” comment is a very Zen statement, and I believe it relates to how the mind is a mirror reflecting what it perceives back onto the world (filtered by the mind). Thus an awakened mind sees all as Buddha. I can’t say I know exactly what this means. I am a newbie myself. 😅
Anyhow, that’s the Shushōgi. For a text that summarizes a much larger and more difficult text in the Soto Zen tradition (Dogen’s Shobogenzo), I think it does a nice job of covering essential points with a coherent theme that is pretty accessible for lay followers. It gets frowned upon by certain Western audiences because meditation is not covered, but I think it’s a great introduction for working-class lay people to the Buddhist path, and provides a foundation that new students to Buddhism can build on through meditation, study, etc. I can see why it has become part of Soto Zen liturgy in Japan.
Further, if you look at other Buddhist traditions in mainland Asia, they will almost certainly teach a similar approach, so Dogen’s teachings, and they way they are expressed in the Shushogi, are very mainstream Mahayana Buddhism in my opinion. Thus, even if you aren’t into Zen, it’s still a perfectly good primer.
Anyhow, if you made it this far, thanks for reading! The Shushogi was a lot of fun to explore, and I personally learned a lot.
P.S. If you want to see how this final chapter is recited traditionally, please enjoy this video:
P.P.S. For those in the US, happy Memorial Day weekend!
1 This is also why I have spent so long following the Pure Land Buddhist path: portable, accessible, and less reliance on gurus and teachers.
2 I spent hours trying to figure out what this alluded to, but with a bit of determination and luck (and some Google translate 😅 of Chinese Wikipedia), I got my answer.
In a Chinese-historical text called the Book of Jin, there is a story about a man named Kong Yu (孔愉, 268 — 342), courtesy name Jing-Kang (敬康). Kong Yu (Japanese pronunciation Kōyu) once was walking through a region called Yubuting, when he saw a turtle being sold at a roadside market for food. Kong Yu bought the turtle and set it free so that it would not be eaten. The turtle turned left and went to the river. Later, when Kong Yu was appointed governor of Yubuting, he was granted an official seal in the shape of a turtle, which mysteriously faced left. Kong Yu realized that this seal of governance was somehow repayment by the turtle for his kindness. In Japanese the seal is called yofutei (余不亭), and the story is called kyūkame yofuin (窮亀余不印, “Seal of the Distressed Turtle”).
Today we explore the fourth chapter of five of the 19th-century Soto Zen text called the Shushōgi (修証義, “Meaning of Practice and Verification”), which I introduced here. Chapter four delves into the importance of helping others as a fundamental Buddhist practice. You can read chapter three here.
And now, onwards dear readers…
Awakening the wisdom mind means vowing to save all beings before we ourselves have crossed to the other shore. Everyone — whether layman, priest, deva, or man — whether enjoying pleasure or suffering pain — should quickly awaken this vow.
Translation by Soto Zen Text Project of Stanford University, courtesy of Sotozen.net.
This “vow” is a concept in Mahayana Buddhism called the “Bodhi Mind”: the aspiration for Enlightenment no matter how long it takes, but also help liberate others along the way. The Four Bodhisattva Vows recited in Buddhist services encapsulate this sentiment.
Lord of the Rings meme I found online recently. Denethor was a terrible dad. 🤣
Much like the precepts, it’s not something you master immediately, but if you choose to recite the vows, it may provide a beacon for yourself (and others) in difficult times.
Though humble in appearance, anyone who has awakened this vow is already the teacher of mankind. Even a girl of seven may be the teacher of the four classes of Buddhists and the compassionate mother of all beings. This emphasis on the equality of the sexes represents one of the finest teachings of Buddhism.
The “girl of seven” alluded to here, is actually a reference to the Dragon Princess (竜女, ryūnyo) in the twelfth chapter of the Lotus Sutra. Her miraculous progress along the Buddhist path to full Enlightenment, in spite of her being…
a girl in a patriarchal society,
a child, and
non-human
… was meant to blow the minds of the establishment and show how literally anyone can achieve Awakening if they put their mind to it.
Admittedly, Buddhism as a religion has had a complicated history with respect to gender and equality, but like Star Trek, it strives to see the best in all of us.
After the desire for Buddhahood has been aroused, even wandering in the six worlds and the four forms of life becomes an opportunity to realize this desire. Though we may have wasted our time in the past, we still have time to arouse this vow. Our merits toward Buddhahood may have fully ripened, but let us concentrate this merit on enlightening all living beings. Through all ages some have put Buddhahood for themselves secondary to working for the benefit and salvation of all beings.
As with taking refuge in the Three Treasures from chapter two, small acts can have big impact in the long-run even if it’s not entirely clear. Simply awakening this aspiration even for this moment can help fully actualize one’s practice regardless of how wanders through various states of rebirth (chapter one).
In other words, compared to the aimless wandering that is Samsara one has a sense of direction now, regardless of where the path takes you.
Frodo didn’t know the way to Mordor, but he knew he needed to go there. 💍
To benefit others we have four types of wisdom: charity, tenderness, benevolence, and sympathy. These represent the desires and efforts of the Bodhisattvas.
This part is important. Buddhism isn’t just about “being wise” or “not doing bad stuff”, the ethical lifestyle that is the Buddhist path encourages certain traits that benefit others:
charity
tenderness
benevolence
sympathy
…these are explained in detail below. In some sources, these are known as the The Four Bases of Community. In any case, the Four Bases are grounded in Buddhist metta (goodwill).
Charity stands opposed to covetousness. It is the principle of not preventing offerings though we ourselves give nothing. We need not mind how small the gift so long as the results are true. Offering even a phrase or a verse of the teaching becomes the seed of good in this world and the next. Similarly goodness arises from the gift of one cent or a single blade of grass. The teaching is the treasure, and the treasure is the teaching. Let us not covet reward but share our power with others. Supplying a ferry and building a bridge are acts of charity — nor is industry in all its form separated from it.
Like it says, no gift is too small if sincerely given.
Tenderness means viewing all beings with compassion and addressing them with kind words. Tenderness is to speak while bearing in mind the words: “I love all living beings as my children.” Praise the virtuous and pity the virtueless. Through tenderness we make friends of our enemies and strengthen intimacy with our friends. Kind words, when spoken directly to anyone, brighten his face and warm his heart. When spoken behind his back, they leave a deep impression. We should learn that tenderness has a revolutionary impact on the human mind.
Kind or patient speech really is a powerful thing. You don’t need to kiss up to people. Just say “thank you” or “good job” or “hang in there”.
Benevolence means devising wise ways to benefit beings both high and low. Those who rescued the helpless tortoise or the sick sparrow did not look for reward: they acted solely out of benevolence. The foolish believe that their benefits dwindle because they help others, but this is not true. Benevolence, the universal law, benefits oneself as well as others.
The sentence about “dwindling benefits” is important. As we saw in chapter one, karma matters. As we saw with the Bodhisattva Precepts, it’s important not to be stingy.
Sympathy means non-differentiation — the identity of self and not-self. For example, the Tathagata [Buddha] appeared in the human world in human form. Sympathy refutes the distinction between self and others. Sometimes the self is infinite; sometimes, others. Sympathy, like the sea, repulses no water, and all waters gather to form the sea.
Putting yourself in another person’s shoes is one of the best things you can do. You don’t have to like the person, but if you can empathize with them, you will learn a lot.
The simile of the ocean is really powerful here.
Seekers of enlightenment, meditate on these teachings. Do not belittle them. Revere and respect the merits that benefit all living beings and help them cross to the other shore.
The image of the Other Shore is very prevalent in Buddhism, and describes a great river with two shores: one shore which we are standing on is the shore of grief, strife, frustration, etc., and the other shore is peace, well-being, goodwill and of course Enlightenment. Thus, the image of crossing toward the other shore (preferably helping others to do the same), is a popular one. It is also the impetus for the Japanese-Buddhist holidays of Spring and FallOhigan.
Having said that, tomorrow will be our last chapter. Thanks for reading!
P.S. If you ever wanted to see how the fourth chapter is traditionally chanted, please enjoy this video:
P.P.S. I have more LoTR memes on my phone camera roll than I care to admit. 😅
Today we explore the third chapter of five of the 19th-century Soto Zen text called the Shushōgi (修証義, “Meaning of Practice and Verification”), which I introduced here. Chapter three delves into the importance of conduct and the precepts. You can read chapter two here.
Next we should deeply respect the Three Treasures — the Buddha, the teaching, and the Buddhist community. They deserve our respect and offerings no matter where we wander from life to life. It was respect for the Buddha, the teaching, and the Buddhist community that was truly transmitted from India to China by the Buddhas and patriarchs.
Translation by Soto Zen Text Project of Stanford University, courtesy of sotozen.net
Westerners may find this a bit awkward. Why bow down and make offerings to a celestial being? Didn’t I leave my religious upbringing to avoid this kind of thing?
Buddhism is a religion that does not demand obedience or worship. People revere the Buddha because they appreciate his teachings, and find them helpful. They revere the Dharma because it is illuminating, and provides kind, objective guidance. People venerate the Sangha (the Buddhist community) because they are inspired by one teacher or another.
These Three Treasures (the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha) are the foundation of Buddhism.
If the unfortunate and virtueless cannot even hear of the Three Treasures, how can they take refuge in them. Do not take refuge in the spirits of the mountains or the ghosts of the dead, and worship not at heretical shrines. Such refuge-seeking leads us away from salvation. Let us instead quickly take refuge in the Buddha, the teaching, and the Buddhist community, seeking there not only release from pain but complete enlightenment.
This revisits something from chapter one: that human life is rare, and hearing the Dharma is even rarer, so it’s a precious opportunity.
Further, this passage warns us to be careful of messing around with occult stuff. It was written for a 19th-century Japanese audience from a 13th century source text, where syncretic folk religion and Shinto co-exist alongside Buddhism. But even now one can apply similar warnings toward mixing Buddhism with New Age practices and such. It might seem like a good idea, but better to thoroughly grasp the Dharma first before mixing with other stuff.
Again, this might feel weird to 21st century Buddhists, but in a much, much older text, the Sutra of the Simile of the Water Snake (MN22 of the Pali Canon), the Buddha described grasping the Dharma as similar to grasping a water snake (a.k.a. a viper): something to be done carefully. In modern parlance, one could also compare this to taking up a new exercise routine, a new diet, or a new sport: you should consult with a doctor first lest you risk injuring yourself, or making yourself miserable.
But I digress.
To take refuge in the Three Treasures we must come with pure heart. No matter when — whether at the time of the Buddha’s appearance in the world or after his disappearance — we repeat with clasped hands and bowed head: “I take refuge in the Buddha. I take refuge in the teaching. I take refuge in the Buddhist community.” I take refuge in the Buddha because he is our great teacher. I take refuge in the teaching because of its curative effect. I take refuge in the Buddhist community because here we find wisdom and warmth. To become followers of Buddhism, we must uphold the Three Treasures. We must lay this foundation before receiving the moral precepts.
This is pretty self-explanatory. A person can be a Buddhist (or reaffirm their faith), just as they are now, by taking refuge in the Three Treasures. In so doing, they have started on the Buddhist path and have nowhere to go but up. For most people, and most Buddhist services, this means reciting:
I go to the Buddha for refuge.
I go to the Dharma for refuge.
I go to the Sangha for refuge.
Simple as that. (mic drop)
The merit of the Triple Refuge will always ripen when a responsive communion takes place between the trainee and the Buddha. Those who experience this communion — whether deva, dwellers in hell, or animals — will take this refuge. The embodied merit increases through the various stages of existence and ultimately leads to highest right enlightenment. The Buddha himself confirmed the merit of the Triple Refuge as supremely valuable and inconceivably profound. All living beings should therefore take this refuge.
Same as above: simply taking refuge in the Three Treasures (sincerely) is a great act, and has many benefits in the long-run.
Next we should accept the three collective pure precepts — that embracing good behavior, that embracing good deeds, and that embracing all beings and saving them. We should then accept the 10 grave prohibitions. First, do not kill; second, do not steal; third, do not engage in improper sexual conduct; fourth, do not lie； fifth, do not deal in intoxicants； sixth, do not criticize others； seventh, do not praise self and slander others； eighth, do not be stingy with the dharma or property; ninth, do not give way to anger； and tenth, do not disparage the three treasures. The Buddhas have received and kept the Triple Refuge, the three collective pure precepts, and the 10 grave prohibitions.
The three “pure precepts” are general injunctions for any Buddhist:
Don’t do evil
Embrace good
Cleanse one’s mind.
The “ten grave prohibitions” above are just another way of saying the Ten Bodhisattva Precepts, which I covered here.
By accepting these precepts you will attain supreme enlightenment — the indestructible Buddhahood realized or to be realized by the Buddhas of the past, present, and future. Would any wise man reject this goal? To all living beings the Buddha has shown that when they accept the moral precepts, they attain Buddhahood — a rank equal to the Great Enlightened — and that they are truly the children of the Buddha.
People who first discover Buddhism may be put off. They wanted to learn how to meditate, not take up a bunch of rules, but two things to keep in mind:
First, the precepts above are training rules. As mentioned in chapter two, the rules are meant to be treated like rehearsing lines for a play. With diligence, time and effort you get better and better at it.
Second, an ethical lifestyle leads to many countless benefits, and makes a solid foundation for more advanced practices such as meditation, etc.
All the Buddhas dwell here and embrace everything in their infinite wisdom. All beings, when they make this their dwelling place, see no distinction between subject and object. When this happens, all things — whether earth, vegetation, fence post, brick or pebble — function as Buddhas. The resulting wind and fire, fanned by the profound influence of the Buddhas, drive us to intimate enlightenment. This is the merit of non-doing and non-striving — the awakening of the wisdom mind.
Remember from chapter two, that the difference between a Buddha and a mundane person is the degree of awakening. The Buddhas follow the precepts without fail because they all worked at it for countless lifetimes and eons, and through their conduct, and the awakening that helps arise from it, they see things differently than we do. But the message is: we can do the same. We just need to believe.
Tomorrow we’ll explore chapter four. If you made it this far, thanks for reading!
P.S. If you ever wanted to see how the third chapter is traditionally chanted, please enjoy this video:
Lately, I have been avidly studying a Soto Zen text called the Shushōgi (修証義, “Meaning of Practice and Verification”), which I introduced here. It is a 19th century mashup of Dogen’s much longer Shobogenzo, but with an intended audience of lay followers, not monks.
This week, I wanted to mix up the usual schedule and post one chapter a day, Monday through Friday, five total. Each chapter is fairly short, but just long enough that each needs its own post.
Today, I wanted to explore the second chapter of five which delves into the importance of self-reflection and repentance. You find chapter one here.
As we saw in the first chapter we each have karmic burdens to carry. However, that is not the end of the story.
7. The buddhas and ancestors, because of their limitless sympathy, have opened the vast gates of compassion in order to lead all beings to awakening. Among humans and devas, who would not enter? Although karmic retribution for evil acts must come in one of the three times, repentance lessens the effects, or eliminates the bad karma and brings about purification.
translation provided by Soto Zen Text Project of Stanford University, courtesy of sotozen.net.
The idea, prevalent throughout Mahayana Buddhism, is that reflecting one your faults, and then confessing such transgressions is a way to diminish or prevent accumulated bad karma from coming to fruition. This isn’t like confession in a Western-Christian sense. It’s about weighing your conduct against a benchmark like the Dharma, and determining if you fell short anywhere. Of course, many Buddhists make mistakes regularly, but this self-reflection isn’t meant to instill shame. It’s about thinking rationally, almost scientifically. For you Star Trek fans: WWSD (What Would Spock [or Tuvok] Do?)
Captain Kirk and Spock wearing togas and laurels on their heads. From the episode “Plato’s Stepchildren”.
Joking aside, another way to look at it is rehearsing for a play. Even if you practice your lines 20 times, you’ll still make mistakes, but with time and diligence, you’ll get better and better at it, until you can recite your lines automatically. Then, you work in other acting skills, and so it becomes more than reciting lines, it becomes a performance. I find this helpful when trying to uphold the precepts in my own life. I mess up regularly, but I pick myself and try again until it sinks in and becomes a part of my life. Sometimes, this takes years.
8. Therefore, we should repent before [the] buddha in all sincerity. The power of the merit that results from repenting in this way before [the] buddha saves and purifies us. This merit encourages the growth of unobstructed faith and effort. When faith appears it transforms both self and other, and its benefits extend to beings both sentient and insentient.
Faith might seem like a strange word especially after talking about the importance of thinking rationally, but the two go hand in hand in Buddhism. Faith in Buddhism isn’t a “leap of faith” nor is it the Western-religious faith in a deity; it’s about confidence in the teacher and the teaching: the Buddha and the Dharma respectively. For new Buddhists, this faith is shaky at first, but through time and practice, one sees the fruit of living according to the Dharma, and one’s faith grows.
Further, Buddhist repentance isn’t done with a priest, it’s between yourself and the Buddha.
9. The gist of repentance is expressed as follows：”Although we have accumulated much bad karma in the past, producing causes and conditions that obstruct our practice of the way, may the buddhas and ancestors who have attained the way of the buddha take pity on us, liberate us from our karmic entanglements, and remove obstructions to our study of the way. May their merit fill up and hold sway over the inexhaustible dharma realm, so that they share with us their compassion.” Buddhas and ancestors were once like us; in the future we shall be like them.
The passage generally speaks for itself. But the final sentence is really important: what separates Buddhas from people is simply the degree of awakening. There is no separate divinity that separates us from them, and with diligent practice and good conduct, we can be assured that we will be Buddhas as well.
10. “All my past and harmful karma, born from beginningless greed, hate, and delusion, through body, speech, and mind, I now fully avow.” If we repent in this way, we will certainly receive the mysterious guidance of the buddhas and ancestors. Keeping this in mind and acting in the appropriate manner, we should openly confess before the buddha. The power of this confession will cut the roots of our bad karma.
This is a formula often used in many Buddhist services (translation variations notwithstanding). The specific words do not matter; it’s about reflecting that you have committed wrong acts rooted in the Three Poisons (a.k.a. craving, anger, and conceit), and to disavow your past conduct. In this way, you turn a new leaf and start anew.
Next, onto chapter three.
P.S. If you ever needed to know how the second chapter is traditionally recited, please enjoy this video:
Lately, I have been avidly studying a Soto Zen text called the Shushōgi (修証義, “Meaning of Practice and Verification”), which I introduced here. It is a 19th century mashup of Dogen’s much longer Shobogenzo, but with an intended audience of lay followers, not monks.
This week, I wanted to mix up the usual schedule and post one chapter a day, Monday through Friday, five total. Each chapter is fairly short, but just long enough that each needs its own post.
Today I wanted to explore the first chapter which delves into fundamentals of Buddhism.
The opening paragraph starts off with a bang:
1. The most important issue of all for Buddhists is the thorough clarification of the meaning of birth and death. If the buddha is within birth and death, there is no birth and death. Simply understand that birth and death are in themselves nirvana； there is no birth and death to be hated nor nirvana to be desired. Then, for the first time, we will be freed from birth and death. To master this problem is of supreme importance.
translation by Soto Zen Text Project of Stanford University, courtesy of sotozen.net
This really gets to the heart of the point of Buddhism: squaring with one’s mortality. Some of this might sound cryptic, but if you look at the Heart Sutra, there’s much the same language there too.
2. It is difficult to be born as a human being； it is rare to encounter the buddha-dharma. Now, thanks to our good deeds in the past, not only have we been born as humans, we have also encountered the buddha-dharma. Within the realm of birth and death, this good birth is the best; let us not waste our precious human lives, irresponsibly abandoning them to the winds of impermanence.
The point here is not to compare one’s karmic background to another (some people will be tempted to look down on others, this is not OK). What matters is that you are here, thankfully born as a human. Yet, life is short, and the daily grind will get you down, so use the time you have and don’t squander it.
3. Impermanence is unreliable； we know not on what roadside grasses the dew of our transient life will fall. Our bodies are not our own； our lives shift with the passing days and cannot be stopped for even an instant. Once rosy-cheeked youth has gone, we cannot find even its traces. Careful reflection shows that most things, once gone by, will never be encountered again. In the face of impermanence, there is no help from kings, statesmen, relatives, servants, spouses, children, or wealth. We must enter the realm of death alone, accompanied only by our good and bad karma.
This message is found throughout Buddhism in such works as the Parable of the Burning House in the Lotus Sutra, Rennyo’s Letter on White Ashes, and so on. But also this is an important reminder that we must all face death, regardless of whether you’re a king (or a president), or a regular Joe. It is all but inevitable that you will grow old, face illnesses, and eventually die. Buddhism isn’t just therapy: these are facets of your life that you must confront and resolve before it’s too late. Whatever you’ve done up to this point is the karma you have to carry with you in the lives to come. So, it’s important to be diligent.
4. Avoid associating with deluded people in this world who are ignorant of the truth of causality and karmic retribution, who are heedless of past, present and future, and cannot distinguish good from evil. The principle of causality is obvious and impersonal; for inevitably those who do evil fall, and those who do good rise. If there were no causality, the buddhas would not have appeared in this world, nor would Bodhidharma have come from the west.
This first sentence might seem strange, but consider a much older sutra from the Pali Canon, where the Buddha emphasizes the importance of being surrounded by good, responsible people. We do not live in isolation, and we can’t do it alone, either.
As for the Dharma (the sum total of the Buddha’s teachings) it works like the laws of physics: it’s impersonal, pervasive, etc. It just works the way it does. In same way way, karma also just works the way it does.
5. The karmic consequences of good and evil occur at three different times. The first is retribution experienced in our present life； the second is retribution experienced in the life following this one; and the third is retribution experienced in subsequent lives. In practicing the way of the buddhas and ancestors, from the start we should study and clarify the principle of karmic retribution in these three times. Otherwise, we will often make mistakes and fall into false views. Not only will we fall into false views, we will fall into evil births and undergo long periods of suffering.
This is a further exposition on how the karma works. Even if we commit a deed in this life, the karma may not necessarily come to fruition until some later date, or even a later lifetime. It may affect how we are reborn in a future life. Of course, things done in past lives also came come to fruition in this life, whether we want them to or not.
In short, this passage reminds us that a healthy apprecation of karma helps reinforce the Buddhist teachings.
6. Understand that in this birth we have only one life, not two or three. How regrettable it is if, falling into false views, we are subject to the consequences of evil deeds. Because we think that it is not evil even as we do evil, and falsely imagine that there will be no consequences of evil, there is no way for us to avoid those consequences.
I like this chapter because it covers a lot of basic Buddhism, teachings common to all traditions. Of course, there’s minor differences among traditions, but things like the preciousness of life, responsibility for one’s conduct, and the cycle of rebirth, are pretty universal.
Tomorrow, we’ll cover chapter two.
P.S. If you want to see how the first chapter is traditionally recited in a formal setting, please enjoy this video:
Gleanings in Buddha-Fields 
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